Cross Cultural Communication - 9880 Words

Cross Cultural Communication: Far East Asian Countries This paper gives a short overview of the observed behavioral pattern across some of the far east Asian countries. Understanding these behavioral patterns is important for doing effective communication with people/people group from these countries. The effective communication holds one of the key of establishing business and personal relationship in these countries. This paper also looks into some of concepts and theories in intercultural and Cross-cultural communication, thus providing a brief empirical research into culture-based value variations and providing a short outline of the major works in this area (e.g. the works of Hall, Hofstede, and Schwartz). Having insight into the†¦show more content†¦It is often seen as an affirmative action of what is said. However, maintaining eye contact is not usually acceptable in certain Asian cultures, where, for example, a woman can only maintain eye contact with her husband. Clearly a woman from such a culture will cause confusion, if not disbelief, when communicating with a Western interlocutor. 2.2 Thought Pattern Another frequently examined concept is thought patterns. These can be summarized as being: * logical or pre-logic, * inductive or deductive, * abstract or concrete * Alphabetic or analphabetic These concepts are more complex, and they may require more attention, as they are slightly more difficult to grasp. For example, inductive or deductive thought patterns may have a profound impact on argumentation and communication styles, but also on the way the world is seen and understood. According to Maletzke (1996) Anglo-Saxon thought patterns are predominantly inductive, Latin American and Russian thought patterns are predominantly deductive. Whereas inductive thinking aims to derive theoretical concepts from individual cases, deductive thinking aims to interpret individual cases within previously derived theoretical concepts. Clearly, argumentation styles will be quite different in the two approaches. Equally, thinking within the Aristotelian logical tradition, which is dominant in most Western cultures may not be understood by people from aShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Communication And Communication744 Words   |  3 PagesCross-cultural communication is increasingly recog nized as a major barrier to leveraging intellectual assets globally. The importance of cross-cultural competency has been identified in numerous areas of business, and strategies are continually developed to improve cultural awareness and effective communication and collaboration. It is important to first establish what is meant by culture and communication. Munter defines culture as consisting of â€Å"values, attitudes, and behavior in a given groupRead MoreCross Cultural Communication : Communication2036 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween cultures and wanting to promote cross-cultural communication. Promoting interaction between different cultures has its advantages, but it also takes a great amount of time and research to be successful in cross-cultural communication (Barker). Not having a strong cross-cultural understanding will inhibit companies from being able to compete with their competition due to lack of concern for other cultural differences around the world. Cross-cultural communication is no longer an option where oneRead MoreCross Cultural Communication1730 Words   |  7 PagesCross Cultural Communication Mohamed Elamin Date: 02/23/2011 City University of Seattle Abstract This paper is about comparing and contrasting the American style of communication and that of Bahrain. Different countries have their own interpretation for every single issue based on their culture background and their way of thinking. The most significant characteristics of American culture are: individualism, equality, competition, freedom and privacy, action orientation, directness, particularityRead MoreCommunication And Cross Cultural Communication1834 Words   |  8 Pageshuman day-to-day conversation of cross cultural communication. To effectively and appropriately communicate with an individual of a different culture an individual needs to fully understand the beliefs, norms and stereotypes affiliated with the culture. The process of learning a language accompanies the positives and negatives of what is acceptable within the culture in the context of communication. To equip and guide the learner, simultaneously diffusing cultural assumptions which are consideredRead MoreCro ss- Cultural Communication2005 Words   |  9 Pagesin the same boat.- Bernard Baruch Cross-cultural communication is the process of exchanging meaningful and unambiguous information across cultural boundaries, in a way that preserves mutual respect and minimizes antagonism, that is, it looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds endeavour to communicate. The study of cross-cultural communication was originally found within businesses and the government both seeking to expand globally. Communication is interactive, so an important influenceRead MoreCross Cultural Communication : Communication2092 Words   |  9 PagesTianli Yuan 1043313 Assignment-A1 Cross-cultural communication I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. -----------Martin Luther King Communication is the transference and the understanding of meaning, it is also an activity that conveying meaning through a shared system of signs and semiotic rules. By commutingRead MoreCultural Background Of Cross Cultural Communication1328 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Culture is defined by the behavior and knowledge of a specific group of people, such as language, religion and customs. Cross cultural communication studies how people from different countries, social status, and upbringing interact with each other In this new era of globalization cross cultural communication in organization it is not no longer a theory because of all the transformation that are happening are in the world we live in. People from different backgroundsRead MoreImpact Of Communication On Cross Cultural Communication911 Words   |  4 PagesCultural differences can negatively impact effective communication thus companies need to train employees on cross-cultural communication. Companies not trained in cultural differences run the risk of ruining a business deal or relationship. Mukherjee and Ramos-Salazar (2014) mentioned, â€Å"The key to global business success depends on effective cross-cultural etiquette and global workforce diversity management† (p.18). Companies that understand differences between cultures have a competitive advantageRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then conclude its findings Brief overview of cross-cultural communication skills Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches, meetings, telephoneRead MoreImportance of Cross Cultural Communications1209 Words   |  5 PagesEffective cross-cultural communication is one of the most important issues dealt with in business, particularly when a firm operates at an international level. Communication is a process with three key elements, which includes a source, an audience, and a channel. Communication derived from businesses will have listeners that include, but are not limited to customers, employees, suppliers, and the community (Caddy et al.). These listeners contribute to the success of a firm, which is why there is

Essay on Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in...

Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Woman Work and overheard in County Sligo are both poems which give us an image of the role of woman in the past, and how she contributed to society Through reading both these poems, it is apparent that both of the poets’ backgrounds have influenced the poems. In the past, women were not considered important in society, and their efforts were not valued, not even by woman herself. Women were expected to stay at home, and become housewives. Woman lived in a society in which there was pressure to get married, wither by family pressure or societal pressure. It was not necessary for woman to conform to the beliefs and wishes of society, but many women felt compelled to†¦show more content†¦Woman Work starts with a long list of chores that she needs to do. This highlights her massive workload that she has to deal with. This verse is the largest to emphasise all the jobs that she must do. In Woman Work, I feel the atmosphere is very sad. She is very tired, and needs to rest, which shows she is unhappy. In the first verse, she repeatedly uses the word ‘I’. This emphasises that no one helps her with her chores, and she is responsible for everything. The woman in Woman work is not well off. We know this as she says ‘Star shine, Moon glow, you’re all that I can call my own.’ This implies that she does not own materialistic possessions. It could also imply that she does not even own her own time, as it is always taken up by doing the household chores. The structure of the first verse uses no punctuation. This speeds the first verse up, to reflect her life, and all she has to do. The use of concrete nouns in the first verse also suggests all she has to do. The woman in Woman Work could be angry with her situation. She says ‘Storm, blow me from here’ This could reflect her anger and aggression at her situation, as storms are ferocious. We know that she wants to get away. She says ‘Blow me from here’ This implies she wants to get away, and is unhappy. It can also imply that she feels trapped, and feels oppressed, as she can not leave. The last four verses of

Improper Garbage Disposal Free Essays

With more college graduates than jobs, the government wrestles with what to do with themSouth Korea is beginning to wrestle with the unappetizing fact that too many of its young are in college. Despite the very real success of its economy, the country can’t manufacture enough jobs for its graduates – of which it produces a lot. Singapore, Taiwan and other Asian countries to some extent face the same glut. We will write a custom essay sample on Improper Garbage Disposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, South Korea seems in a class by itself. Some 86 percent of all high school graduates go on to college, and most expect to graduate with a degree. About 3. 3 million students are enrolled in 347 universities – by one calculation one of every 14 South Koreans is a university student. A full 80 percent of parents fully expect their children to graduate with a degree. According to a study by the Samsung Economic Research Institute, the number of students in college is actually lowering gross domestic product by a full percentage point. The country is regularly faced with the odd phenomenon of newspaper stories about many of its brightest graduates who are forced to enroll in vocational schools in order to get a job after graduation – including a recent story in the Korea Herald about a young woman with a degree in French who enrolled in a course to become a Starbucks barista. Other tales have philosophy graduates learning to become bakers. Fewer than half of those who graduated in 2010 had found full time jobs by the end of 2011. That has pushed the South Korean government to promote vocational skills as an alternative to college, with President Lee Myung-bak turning up to open the Sudo Electric Technical High School in 20. Sudo is one of 21 so-called Meister Schools modeled on German vocational schools, that are being funded by the government and which guarantee graduates jobs. However, critics say lots more must be done and that in fact the entire education system must be redesigned. The 21 Meister schools are hardly enough, and the practical training aspects of their curricula mean funding must be increased considerably over that of academic high schools. Certification systems for the students must also be introduced. According to the SERI study published last week, â€Å"it is estimated that 42 percent of the nation’s college graduates are over-educated. † Had those 42 percent bypassed college and started working immediately after highs school, according to the study, South Korea’s gross domestic product would have been as much as a full percentage point higher. In addition, according to the study, maximum opportunity costs — tuition plus forgone income — from attending college total an estimated W19 trillion per year (US$16. 8 billion). That is W14. 77 trillion for four-year university graduates and W4. 24 trillion for two-year graduates. The average university graduate spends W119. 6 million (US$102,000) on his or her education and W53. 6 million for two-year college graduates. A college degree defines success, however, marginalizing high school graduates despite the fact that during the era of Korea’s double-digit growth era, skilled technicians and craftsmen with high school degrees were credited with building the nation’s infrastructure and lifted manufacturing up to global standards. But today, even those better suited for technical skilled jobs right after high school feel compelled to pursue a university degree,† according to the report. â€Å"Over the past 10 years, corporate executives with only a high school degree have plunged to 2. 6 percent from 7. 2 percent. † It is relatively easy to see why the young opt for college despite the crowded campuses. If half the graduates are on the street, the odds are about the same for those with a high school diploma, and after being hired they are often headed for low-skill jobs. In 2011, according to SERI, the employment rate of young people with a high school degree only was 59. 1 percent and those who were working were employed in low value-added industries and hold sales, services, technical and other such positions. Mechanical jobs and sales account for 38 percent and 32. 8 percent of working high school graduates, respectively. Consequently, high school graduates in 2011 had average monthly incomes of W1. 46 million (US$1250) — 77 percent of that of university graduates and 90 percent of two-year graduates. Job security among high school graduates also is considerably lower compared to young college graduates, according to SERI. In 2011, 72. 4 percent of all employees with a university degree or higher were in permanent jobs while only 47. 3 percent of high school graduates had them. The job of righting the situation basically almost means turning South Korean society, if not the education system, upside down, according to the SERI report. One of the big problems, according to a study by Clark W. Sorenson for the Comparative Education Review, â€Å"Vocational schools, whether public or private, are generally considered less desirable than academic high schools by the public. † At one point during the 1960s and 1970s, according to Sorenson, the government hoped to educate up to 70 percent of students in vocational schools to provide technically trained factory workers only to have parents rebel. Thus, changing both parental and student attitudes will require comprehensive measures, including developing jobs in the base industries that are the cornerstones of Korean manufacturing competitiveness . SERI recommends that a specialized organization be established to connect high school graduates to the companies that would seek to hire them. The high school curriculum also needs to be redesigned to equip high school students with what the study calls ready-to-use skill sets, teaching problem-solving skills and a sense of responsibility. The SERI study recommends borrowing an idea from the United Kingdom, which in in 2008 introduced a diploma system that requires work experience for students 14-19 years in age to strengthen their career and job education. Companies must also be brought into the equation to identify jobs graduates can fill and to expand open recruitment of high school graduates. It will also be necessary to address discrimination against applicants who have not yet fulfilled the nation’s compulsory military service requirement, the study notes. Businesses tend to avoid these applicants because of concerns over lost productivity. However, recent policy reforms should assuage their worries. For example, high school graduates now may defer their military service for four years. The point that needs to be made, however, is that Korean society has astonished the world with its ability to pivot and go in entirely new ways. It is not out of the realm of possibility that the country will go ahead and institute the reforms with the alacrity that got it this far, this fast. Set as favorite Bookmark Email This Hits: 5741Comments (2)Subscribe to this comment’s feed Re Graduate Unemployment written by Rob Schackne, June 11, 2012 We are seeing a similar situation in urban China today, where the masses of graduates face an increasingly alarming dearth of jobs. Where vocationalization, rather than education, has also got a bad smell. University graduates are waiting tables†¦ though poorly. But I wonder what government initiative was it that beckoned forth all those young people into a dream of white-collar office work. Was it prosperity, the Tiger miracle? Don’t get me wrong, education is a beautiful thing. I’d prefer to ride in a taxi driven by a well-educated French major than a taxed cretin. The conversation will be much better, and all that resentment is a good story that passes the time. 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Affirmative Action Does It Work Today Essay Example For Students

Affirmative Action Does It Work Today Essay The Unites States Constitution, in Amendment XIV, Section 1, states, All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (1)Affirmative action can trace its roots back to the 14th amendment, although it did not really get started until Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed, giving minorities equal employment rights. The overall strategy and outline for this plan were contained in Executive Order 11246, which was issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1972 (Gilbert et al. 2). This led to a wave of programs that were intended to further the equal employment opport unities for minority individuals. Affirmative action programs were intended to legally require organizations to be diverse. During the 1990s these programs have come under a lot of scrutiny and are being replaced with a concept known as diversity management. . Managing and valuing diversity are key aspects of organizational behavior, but the question lies in how to create the diversity within the organization. In this paper, I will examine several articles that will give us reasons that affirmative action should be replaced by diversity management, as well as one that believes that affirmative action is still needed in todays society. Mary Guy believes that affirmative action programs are still needed today. She noted that if we lived in a perfect world we would not have a need for organizations to have affirmative action programs (240). However, since people have a tendency to work around people that are most like us, programs are needed to ensure that past discriminatory actions are corrected. Opposition to these programs generally has come from advantaged groups who feel that quotas will keep them from their jobs. Since the laws creating affirmative action never required quotas, then when quotas have been put in place, they are merely exceptions to the rule (Guy 242). Diversity in the workplace has been slowly increasing under affirmative action, however, Guy feels that this is no time to abandon it, but to keep it moving forward (242). Stigmatization revisited: Does diversity management make a difference in applicant success?, written by Jacqueline Gilbert and Bette Ann Stead, includes the results of experiments conducted at two universities. These experiments examined whether there was a greater perception of increased qualifications and competence when employees were hired under a system of diversity management versus an affirmative action plan. (Gilbert Stead 1) The second article Diversity management: A New organizational paradigm, written by Jacqueline Gilbert, Bette Ann Stead, and John Ivancevich, defines diversity management and compares it to affirmative action. Furthermore they discuss strategies that will help to insure that a diversity management program is successful. (Gilbert et al. 1)In Stigmatization revisited? the authors performed experiments to determine the effects of affirmative action versus diversity management. Individuals, both women and those of color, that were hired under the guise of an affirmative action plan were generally viewed as less qualified than there peers. It was noted that the perception was that if they were qualified for the position, then they would have been no need for an affirmative action plan. Those individuals that were hired in an atmosphere of diversity management were not perceived as being more or less qualified than their peers. These results were especially evident when the job was a traditional male type, for example, an electrician (Gilbert Stead 11). They concluded that an organization that valued and promoted cultural diversity would enable women and minorities to be perceived as competent for the positions that they held. Also those companies would have an inherent advantage when it came many other areas; including resource acquisition, marketing, creativity flexibility, and corporate attractiveness. These advantages would lead to greater profits and therefore a more positive outcome (Gilbert Stead 11). .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .postImageUrl , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:hover , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:visited , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:active { border:0!important; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:active , .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45 .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae3897a1213b91c0fa9c82d28b60ee45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teacher observations EssayThc theories of affirmative action are changing in todays world, according to the authors of Diversity management Many states, as well as the federal government, are debating the future of programs that are viewed as giving any type of advantage to a particular group of people (i.e. race or gender) (Gilbert et al. 1). In order to alleviate concerns of discrimination, companies are developing corporate cultures that embrace cultural diversity. This is known as diversity management. Affirmative action has come under a lot of scrutiny, both by majority and minority groups, due to misperceptions and problematic implementations of the programs. Many pe ople view affirmative action as a quota system that leads to unqualified individuals being hired ahead of those that are qualified, and are therefore viewed as less competent than their peers. By treating all people equally, with regards to race and gender, these perceptions disappear (Gilbert et al. 8). These programs, however, will not work if they only exist in one part of an organization. Diversity management programs must start with the CEO and work its way down to the bottom. By being prevalent throughout an organization, the positive ethics of a strong diversity program will not be detrimentally affected with the decisions of one individual who chooses not to be ethical (Gilbert et al. 8). Through their research, the authors feel that the traditional misperceptions that are prevalent in an affirmative action program should not surface in a diverse multicultural organization (Gilbert et al. 8). As we can see, the problems that have been associated with affirmative action can be dissolved and the goals still met with a strong diversity management program within and throughout an organization. Affirmative action is under fire all around the country. Here in Georgia we have had several cases that have been brought to the publics attention. The University of Georgia is being sued because of racial preferences in its admission process (Rankin Suggs 1). The City of Atlantas affirmative action set-aside plan is being challenged in a lawsuit as well (Campos ; Rankin 1). The overall trend in these suits, as well as others throughout the country is that any system that gives preference to certain groups is actually discriminatory in and of itself. In my view the original concept of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was that any type of discrimination is in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution. Affirmative action programs that use quotas, no matter how they are implemented, result in individuals being classified and treated according to their race and gender. Diversity management programs within an organization will promote the multiculturalism that is required, as our business world becomes more and more global. Though traditional discrimination is still around in some cases, I do not believe that we need to keep affirmative action in the form that it is in today. A strong diversity management program will actually do more for the affected individuals by treating them as individuals instead of as part of a group. By looking at the individual and their individual contribution, stereotypes can be avoided. This is not an easy task, as old habits die hard, and people are slow to change. By embracing cultural differences that exist within our organization, misconceptions and prejudices can be left behind as we rise above discrimination and into diversity management. BibliographyWorks CitedCampos, Carlos, Bill Rankin. City sued on affirmative action Foundation follows through on its threat to fight Atlanta set-asides.Atlanta Journal and Constitution.27 Aug. 1999: A1Rankin, Bill, Ernie Suggs. UGA lawsuit renewed Three white female plaintiffs challenge admissions policies. Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 2 Sep. 1999: A1Gilbert, Jacqueline et al. Diversity management: A New organizational paradigm.Journal of Business Ethics. Aug. 1999: 61-76Gilbert, Jacqueline, Bette Ann Stead. Stigmatization revisited: Does diversity management make a difference in applicant success?Group ; Organization Management. Jun. 1999: 239-256. .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .postImageUrl , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:hover , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:visited , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:active { border:0!important; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:active , .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06 .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9569d51cef588fbd68546d75b8910f06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: US Government History EssaySocial Issues

The Eating Disorder

There is increased eating disorder on various groups of people and especially the middle aged adolescent group. The eating disorders cause great morbidity and premature mortality risks mostly to young adolescent girls and women. Currently there are no solid proofs for the real causes of the eating disorders.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Eating Disorder – Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current high eating disorder prevalence among young adolescent men and women have triggered a need for the search for modifiable risks factors that will help in explaining the causes of the disorder and how it can be mitigated. Psychologists have associated the eating disorder to some psychological, socio-cultural and biological factors. This eating disorder is referred as Anorexia nervosa. The disorder is characterized by self eating denial commonly accompanied by excess body weight los s. Anorexia nervosa is identified when an individual weighs 15% less than his/her body weight (Klein, Schebendach, Gershkovich, Bodell, Foltin Walsh, 2010). There is no exact known cause of Anorexia nervosa. Nevertheless, researchers have associated the disorder to be a resultant of some environmental conditions, personality traits, emotions and thinking patterns or some biological factors. In summary, the causes of Anorexia nervosa have been categorized into three classes by researchers. The causes are biological, socio-cultural or biological. Researchers attribute overlapping socio-cultural accounts to include the tripartite pressure and dual pathway. Research has shown that a lot of pressure from pears, family and mass media has a tendency to trigger body dissatisfaction and eating disorders directly and also through two mediating mechanisms. These mechanisms involve internalization of unrealistic and ideal societal attractiveness. An example for this is where ultra-thinness is considered as the ideal beauty for women. This entails from the tendency for an individual to frequently compare his/her physical appearance with pears or media ideals.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other mechanism is where one suffers from elevation in negative effect. It has been noted that appearances pressure from the mass media, family or pears has been caused by social sanctioned attractiveness ideals that cause one to be dissatisfied with her/his body. Consequently, body dissatisfaction eventually leads to eating disorders symptoms over time. It is perceived that plumb girls that have internalized ultra-thin ideals for attractiveness for women are vulnerable to later increases in disturbances that will affect their eating habit. Researchers have identified that women often engage in frequent appearance comparisons than men and this makes them suffer from body di ssatisfaction more than their counterparts’ men. This reason explains why there are many women that suffer from eating disorders than men. Weight and body dissatisfaction have been highlighted as the major causes of eating disorders. It is noted that majority of the people that suffer from anorexia disorder are those that suffer from low-self esteem. This is because adolescent girls or boys that suffer from low self esteem will most likely have a tendency to compare their physical appearance with those of their pears or media models and often consider their appearances as being inferior. Most TV models and particularly in western cultures associate ultra-thinness with beauty for women. Therefore those adolescent girls that are plumb and suffer from low self esteem may tend to being dissatisfied with their bodies hence developing eating disorders (Hoeken, Veling, Smink Hoek, 2010).). There are some psychologists that consider those people that suffer from Anorexia nervosa not to have emotions. They regard them not to have emotions because those people that suffer from anorexia nervosa appear at first to be confused and behave as though they are not sure of their emotions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Eating Disorder – Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition is referred as alexithymia that denotes a condition of difficulty in recognizing and expressing one’s emotional states. Some researchers have linked the alexithymia condition with fluctuations in mood rather than eating disorders. Nevertheless, researchers have pointed a very close relationship between alexithymia and measures of depression and anxiety. The research also reveals that alexithymia is common for many people that have depression and suffered from the eating disorder. This assumption have raised a lot of concern since many scholars are questioning how people suffe ring from eating disorders can have a problem in identifying other emotions such as anger and fear. This concern has raised a lot of interest on the subject. This dilemma has lead to some researchers linking the cause of Anorexia as a result of a means of escaping painful affects. According to Jackson Chen (2011), there is a model developed by Cooper that postulates positive beliefs about eating. The positive belief of vomiting was determined to help the self to dissociate from the emotional distress that is caused by existence of negative beliefs. However, further distress occurs because of the existence of the negative belief about eating that perceives eating will make one gain weight. This causes a conflict in an individual that result to a cognitive dissonance which makes them belief that their eating disorder is out of their control (Fox, 2009). There are two types of eating disorders which are primarily restriction of food that is considered as an emotional avoider and vomit ing which is taken as a suppresser of the emotion. People suffering from eating disorder are known to suppress anger much more than controls.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is believed that suppression of negative emotions predicts body dissatisfaction. Various researches showed that women who were diagnosed with anorexia norverso recorded higher anger scores and anger suppression scores than controls. Researchers were unable to identify the reason why anger was a difficult emotion, but assumed that the anger was a means of protecting the participants’ relationships. Similarly, researchers also noted higher level of other emotions such as anxiety and fear among those people that suffer from Anorexia norverso. Moreover those people that suffer from eating disorder were noted to be highly disgust sensitive and particularly for their bodies and food (Karatzias, Chouliara, Power, Collins Grierson, 2010).). Anorexia nervosa is mostly considered as a heredity disorder that runs in families. Many researches conducted reveal that many of those patients that suffer from the disorder have relatives who have ever had the disorder. Anorexia nervosa has vital short time and long time physical, psychological and sociological affects. The eating disorder makes bodies of people suffering from Anorexia nervosa struggle to manage insufficient calories and nutrients. Most Anorexia nervosa patients are known to experience constipations, abdominal pains, dry, yellow colored skin, dizziness and disrupted menstrual cycles. When the eating disorder continues over a long period of time, the patient can develop osteoporosis, infertility, heart problems, anemia, and neurological problems among others. Osteoporosis is a condition that makes the density of bones to reduce. This is a very dangerous condition because it can make the victims vulnerable to painful fractures especially in the hip and spine. In addition, it leads to loss of height and continuous disabling pain. People that suffer from Anorexia nervosa for a long period of time deprive their bodies essential nutrients and minerals such as calcium that are responsible for making bones to grow and become strong. The most affected people are adolescents since most eating disorders develops from age 13 through out the teenage period. Eating disorder during this age is very serious since it is the period when the bones of the adolescents are developing and reaching their peak strengths. Therefore, denying the body necessary nutrients through Anorexia nervosa can lead to serious health issues as aforementioned above (Soban, 2010). Eating disorder has been noted to cause disruption in the menstrual cycle. Prolonged Anorexia nervosa may lead to infertility. Infertility occurs in women suffering from anorexia nervosa when their body fats drops drastically, thus inhibiting the production of estrogen hormone that is needed to stimulate ovulation. Most of those women that develop infertility as a result of Anorexia nervosa regain their fertility once they resume eating well and after gaining some weight. Anorexia nervosa is also known to cause heart problems and anemia. The he art develops problems due to wearing out of the fat that protects the heart from injury. Severe anorexia nervosa results to weakening of the heart muscle that in turn weakens the heart. Consequently, the weakening of the heart muscles leads to low blood pressure and pulse which eventually leads to a slower rate of breathing. People who suffer from severe anorexia nervosa can consequently develop nerve damage which will in turn affect the brain. The damaging of the nerves can lead one to suffer from a state of confusion, seizures, numbness and peripheral neuropathy. Some people regain their normal status when they start eating well and after regaining some weight, although in some cases some damages is permanent (Sang, Jaussent, Raingeard Bringer, 2010). People that suffer from Anorexia nervosa are known to possess interpersonal distress. The interpersonal problems are believed to be caused by the physical and psychological problems that are associated with patients that suffer from anorexia nervosa such as low-self esteem, perfectionism and physical impairment. For instance, some people that suffer from anorexia nervosa are noted to demand so much from others. Such situation makes people to pull away from them such that they are left in isolation. Such isolation makes these patients develop hostility towards other people and disaffiliation. Alternatively, the isolation can lead them to develop a desperate need for others and intrusiveness. Both these two situations lead to strained relationships and social functioning impairment (Hartmann, Zeeck Barrett, 2010). Anorexia nervosa is heterogeneous. It affects both men and women. Nevertheless, there is a difference in the way men and women differ in the manner in which they view their body image, dieting and what motivates them to exercise. The image relayed by the mass media about how ideal men should appear is totally different to the message the mass media give about how ideal beautiful women should look like . The media portrays ultra-thinness as the beauty for women, while it portals that men should be masculine in order to be liked by women. One symptom of anorexia nervosa in men is excessive exercise. The effects of anorexia nervosa in men include the loss of approximately 20% of weight which is very dangerous to their health. This is because men possess less fat than women and therefore when they loss weight they loss more of their muscles than fat. Men that suffer from anorexia nervosa have interpersonal problems and most of them opt to live single lives. Most of those that marry may opt not to get children. Severe anorexia in men is also noted to cause infertility in men since it greatly reduces the level of the testosterone. Moreover, anorexia nervosa in men has been associated with lack of sexual identity in men. This can be linked to the reason why majority of those men that are diagnosed with the disorder are mostly homosexual or heterosexual (Lindblad, Lindberg, Hjern, 2006). Reference List Fox, J. (2009). A Qualitative Exploration of the Perception of Emotions in Anorexia  Nervosa: A Basic Emotion and Developmental Perspective. Clinical Psychology  and Psychotherapy,16, 276–302. Hartmann, A., Zeeck, A. Barrett, M. (2010). Interpersonal Problems in Eating  Disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 619–627. Hoeken D., Veling, W., Smink, F. Hoek, H. (2010).The Incidence of Anorexia  Nervosa in Netherlands Antilles Immigrants in the  Netherlands. Eating Disorders Association, 18, 399–403. Jackson, T. Chen, H. (2011).Risk Factors for Disordered Eating During Early and  Middle Adolescence: Prospective Evidence from Mainland Chinese Boys and  Girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology  © 2011 American Psychological  Association, 120, 454–464. Karatzias, T., Chouliara, Z., Power, K. Collins, P. Grierson, D. (2010).General  Psychopathology in Anorexia Nervosa: The Role of Psychosocial Factors. Clini cal  Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 519–527. Klein, D., Schebendach, J., Gershkovich, M., Bodell, L., Foltin, R. Walsh, T. (2010). Behavioral Assessment of the Reinforcing Effect of Exercise in Women with  Anorexia Nervosa: Further Paradigm Development and Data. International Journal  of Eating Disorders ,7, 611–618. Lindblad, F., Lindberg, L., Hjern, A. (2006).Anorexia Nervosa in Young Men: A Cohort  Study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 662–666. Sang, C., Jaussent, I., Raingeard, I. Bringer, J. (2010). Is Decision Making Really  Impaired in Eating Disorders? Neuropsychology  © 2010 American Psychological  Association 2010, 24, 808–812 Soban, C. (2010).What about the Boys? Addressing Issues of Masculinity within Male  Anorexia Nervosa in a Feminist Therapeutic Environment. The College of New  Jersey. This research paper on The Eating Disorder – Anorexia Nervosa was written and submitted by user Annabell N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Which Colleges Require the SAT Essay Complete List

Which Colleges Require the SAT Essay Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Planning to take the SAT? Before you sign up, you need to decide whether you’re going to take the test with or without the optional Essay. How should you pick? Well, some colleges require that you apply with the SAT with Essay; others don’t care whether you submit an SAT score with or without the Essay. In this article, I’ll provide you with a complete list of colleges that require or recommend taking the SAT with the Essay. What Is the Optional SAT Essay? The redesigned SAT debuted in March 2016 along with a now-optional Essay section. For the Essay, you have 50 minutes to read a passage (similar to those you see on the Reading section) and write an essay dissecting how the author made the argument. Did the author use evidence to support the main claim? Appeals to emotion? Specific word choice? If you take the SAT without Essay, the test length is three hours. However, if you take the SAT with Essay, the optional Essay adds 50 minutes. It also costs more to take the SAT with Essay: $64.50 vs $47.50 without the Essay. Don't automatically assume you must take the Essay. Whether it's important for you depends on which schools (and scholarships) you're applying to, and what the rest of your application looks like. I'll go into more depth later about how to decide which version of the SAT to take. See if you need to take the SAT with Essay to end up here! List of Schools That Require the SAT With Essay Below, I’ve compiled a list of colleges that require or recommend taking the SAT with Essay. Info comes from the College Board and some individual schools who we consulted separately. NOTE: This list is subject to change, so make sure to double-check with each school you’re applying to. School State/Country Require or Recommend Abilene Christian University TX Recommend Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences NY Recommend Allegheny College PA Recommend Amherst College MA Recommend Art Institute of Houston TX Recommend Augsburg University MN Recommend Austin College TX Recommend Benedictine University IL Require Caldwell University NJ Recommend California State University, Northridge CA Recommend Central Connecticut State University CT Recommend Central Michigan University MI Recommend Cheyney University of Pennsylvania PA Recommend City University London UK Require Coastal Carolina University SC Recommend College of Wooster OH Recommend Colorado School of Mines CO Recommend Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art NY Recommend Corban University OR Recommend Cornerstone University MI Recommend Dallas Christian College TX Recommend Davidson College NC Recommend Delaware State University DE Require DeSales University PA Require Dominican University of California CA Require Eastern University PA Recommend Eastern Illinois University IL Recommend Eastern Nazarene College MA Recommend Five Towns College NY Recommend Gallaudet University DC Recommend George Washington University DC Recommend Georgia Highlands College GA Recommend Greenville University IL Recommend High Point University NC Require Hofstra University NY Recommend Holy Family University PA Recommend Howard University DC Recommend Husson University ME Recommend Indiana University Southeast IN Recommend Indiana Wesleyan University IN Recommend Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Barranquitas Campus Puerto Rico Recommend John Wesley University NC Require Juilliard School NY Recommend Kentucky State University KY Require Lehigh University PA Recommend Madonna University MI Recommend Manhattan College NY Recommend Martin Luther College MN Require Marymount California University CA Recommend Massachusetts Maritime Academy MA Recommend McMurry University TX Recommend Molloy College NY Require Montana Tech of the University of Montana MT Recommend Morehouse College GA Recommend Mount Saint Mary College NY Recommend Mount St. Joseph University OH Recommend New Jersey City University NJ Recommend Nichols College MA Recommend North Park University IL Recommend Occidental College CA Recommend Ohio University OH Recommend Oregon State University OR Recommend Purdue University Northwest IN Recommend Randall University OK Recommend Randolph-Macon College VA Recommend Reading Area Community College PA Recommend Rowan University NJ Recommend Rutgers University- Camden Campus NJ Recommend Saint Michael's College VT Recommend Schreiner University TX Require SciencesPo France Recommend Seton Hill University PA Recommend Shiloh University IA Recommend Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania PA Recommend Silver Lake College of the Holy Family WI Recommend Soka University of America CA Require Southern California Institute of Architecture CA Require Southern Illinois University Carbondale IL Recommend Southern Oregon University OR Recommend Spring Hill College AL Recommend Stanford University CA Recommend Sul Ross State University TX Recommend SUNY Farmingdale State College NY Recommend SUNY University at Stony Brook NY Recommend Texas AM International University TX Recommend Texas AM University TX Recommend Texas AM University- Galveston TX Require Texas State University TX Recommend The King's College NY Recommend United States Military Academy (West Point) NY Require University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) CA Require University of California, Davis (UC Davis) CA Require University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine) CA Require University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) CA Require University of California, Merced CA Require University of California, Riverside CA Require University of California, San Diego (UCSD) CA Require University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) CA Require University of California, Santa Cruz CA Require University of Evansville IN Recommend University of La Verne CA Recommend University of Mary Hardin- Baylor TX Recommend University of Massachusetts Amherst MA Recommend University of Minnesota, Twin Cities MN Recommend University of New England ME Recommend University of North Texas TX Require University of the Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Recommend University of Toledo OH Recommend University of Washington Bothell WA Recommend VanderCook College of Music IL Recommend Virginia Union University VA Recommend Wabash College IN Recommend Webb Institute NY Recommend Webber International University FL Recommend Wesleyan College GA Recommend West Virginia University WV Require West Virginia University Institute of Technology WV Require Western Carolina University NC Require William Jessup University CA Recommend William Jewell College MO Recommend Surprisingly (and in contrast to how it's been in the past), top schools mostly do not require the SAT essay. Currently, no Ivy League School requires students to take the SAT with Essay; the same is true for Caltech, Duke, Georgetown, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Northwestern, NYU, and UChicago. Many of these schools no longer even recommend students take the SAT with Essay, which is a huge turnaround from even a couple of years ago. Most liberal arts colleges do not require or recommend the SAT with Essay. However, there are a few exceptions: Soka University requires it, and Amherst College and Occidental College both recommend it. In general, most state schools also do not require the SAT with Essay, although there's still a significant portion which do. There tends to be some weird variance even within states. For example, all University of California schools require the SAT with Essay, but most of the California State University schools do not. Regardless of the types of schools you're applying to, don’t assume that they all ask for the SAT with Essay. Check with every school to make sure you understand their testing requirements. To take or not to take, that is the question. How to Decide Whether to Take the SAT Essay When making your decision about whether to take the SAT with Essay or the SAT without Essay, you'll need to consider the following four questions: #1: Do Any Schools I Want to Apply to Require the SAT Essay? If you’re applying to any school that requires the Essay, then you must take the SAT with Essay. If you take the SAT without Essay, your application will be incomplete and you won't get admitted. By contrast, if you apply to any schools that don't require the SAT Essay, you can still take the SAT with Essay since these schools will accept both types of SAT scores (with or without Essay). To reiterate, colleges that require the SAT Essay won't consider your score if you took the SAT without the Essay. The last thing you want to do is take the SAT without the Essay and get a good score- but then find out that one of your target schools requires you to take the SAT with Essay. Remember that some colleges change their application policies from year to year, so make sure to double-check the testing policies of the schools you’re applying to. #2: Do Any Schools I Want to Apply to Recommend the SAT Essay? If you're not applying to any schools that require the SAT Essay section but are applying to some that recommend it, then I'd still suggest taking it. This gives you another dimension schools can use to evaluate your application. However, there are some cases in which you shouldn't take the SAT with Essay as well. If, for some reason, you do not qualify for SAT fee waivers and paying the extra cost to take the SAT with Essay would be a financial burden to you, then please don't feel like you have to take it; in this case, it's fine to take the SAT without Essay instead. In addition, if you really struggle to write essays under time constraints (due to anxiety), you might want to opt out of the Essay. However, I only recommend this for students who normally have strong English and writing skills but struggle to write coherent essays when there's the added pressure of a time constraint. For example, do you get As on essays you can work on at home but Cs on in-class essays because you get easily nervous? If that's the case, taking the SAT with Essay might not be a good idea. #3: Am I Applying to Any Scholarships That Require an SAT With Essay Score? Many scholarships (such as National Merit) require you to submit SAT scores, and some specifically want SAT with Essay scores. Therefore, be sure to check the requirements of each scholarship you're planning on applying for. While scholarships that don’t require or recommend the SAT Essay should still accept your SAT with Essay score, scholarships that require the Essay section will not consider your SAT score if you took the no-essay version. #4: Will the SAT Essay Enhance My Application in Other Ways? Generally speaking, taking the SAT Essay if it's not required won't add a lot to your application. In truth, colleges that don't recommend or require the Essay really don't pay much attention to it. However, the Essay might be helpful for international students who want to prove they have strong English skills and who think they'll do especially well on it. If you fall into this category and feel confident that you'll get a high score on it (after doing practice essays, for example), definitely consider taking the SAT with Essay. On the other hand, if you don't think you'll do well on the Essay, I recommend against taking it. What’s Next? Need help preparing for the SAT? Read our ultimate study guide to get expert tips on prep and access to the best free online resources. If you're taking the test soon, learn how to cram for the SAT. Want to learn more about the SAT Essay? Check out our step-by-step guide to writing a great Essay. Not sure where you want to go to college? Learn how to do college research right and figure out your SAT target score. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming Essay

Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming - Essay Example Genetic programming (GP) has emerged as a promising instrument in research on machine learning and artificial intelligence. According to Koza and Poli (2005), GP is a "systematic" method of "getting computers to automatically solve a problem" (p. 127). The temptation of creating artificial intelligence and enabling machines to "automatically" perform problem solving has led to the exploration of biologically inspired methods of programming, such as crossovers and mutations. The process of GP involves alterations in computer programs analogous to biological genetic processes. The genetic code in biological science is analogous to syntax trees in computer science, and these trees are altered in a similar fashion as that of gene mutation, deletion, crossover, duplication, etc. performed by nature. The aim of genetic programming is to create a novel and complex program without taking the trouble of predefining its structure. Background In the process of biological evolution, organisms underwent alterations in their genetic makeup, which led to an increase in their structural as well as genetic diversity. Only those who were genetically "fit" were able to survive during the dynamic changes in environmental conditions. Those who lacked the capacity to adapt to these changes went extinct. Thus, according to Charles Darwin, evolution of organisms occurred via natural selection in which nature selected the organisms that were most fit to survive, also known as survival of the fittest. Mutations are the most effective genetic alterations, which enabled the generation of diversity among organisms and ultimately led to their natural selection in the process of evolution. Mutations occur randomly in the genes, and may be natural or induced. These are sudden and heritable changes, and occur at a very small frequency. They, however, lead to beneficial or even harmful changes in an organism. Mutation is nature's way of genera ting diversity among living organisms. The fact that random mutations have led to the generation of successful species is enough to inspire the exploration of similar mechanisms in computer science, in a metaphorical sense. With the help of "mutations" in programming, it may be possible to create novel and successful genetic algorithms or programs with a higher fitness value, which have a high probability of arriving at the solution to a given problem. These may form an integral part of machine learning and help in the synthesis of artificial intelligence. Objective Many studies have explored the role of mutations in genetic programming for the induction of diversity in computer programs. It is hoped that through such a process, it would be possible to create programs with increased fitness and with more efficient problem solving capacities. This paper attempts at analyzing the importance of diversity in genetic programming and the efficiency of mutations in achieving the same. The paper, Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming (Jackson 2011) is also reviewed and evaluated. II.